World History : Cold war part 2

By Lawa | Political science | 11 Nov 2020

Continues..........

Second phase (1949-1953)

• First atom bomb test by Soviet Union (1949)

• ANZUS TREATY (1951)

Treaty between three countries United States, Australia and New Zealand to form a military cooperation and to support each other if threats approaches in Pacific. .

This Treaty was due to doubt that may again Japan rise and also fight against communist. This was a anti communism moment from one prospective.

• Security treaty between Japan and United States (8 September 1951)

This was the treaty that provided United States to establish it’s army base in far east .

• The Korean war (1950-1953)

Before 1905, Korea was a single nation and was ruled by generations of dynasty kingdoms. In 1905 Japan occupied it after the Russo-Japanese war. It was under Japan for 35 years till Japan surrendered in 1945. It was colonized by Japan. After it’s defeat, in the process of de colonization process Korea was divided into two occupational zones : north was under Soviet Union and south was under United States. And was divided by 38-parallel line.

When things gets normal Soviet Union and United States was to leave Korea peninsula but they imbued their owns ideologies which was the main reason for division. In 1948, USA called for United Nation- sponsored vote to decide the future of Korea peninsula. But north refused to take part . Consequently there formed a anti-communist government in south . And North responded with the formation of communist government.

Cold war going on and it intervened there which caused the Korean war. 2.5 million died to find out the answer that which is true regime of North Korea. In 1953, both agreed we to sign a peace treaty which ended the Korean war.

. .This attempt consequently brought a leader Ho Chi Minh to the power who was tilt to communism and another leader Viet Minh.

France was defeated at the battle of Dien Bien Phu, in 1954. Then, North Vietnam came under the control of Ho Chi Minh and his communist forces. As well, in 1954, at a conference in Geneva, the country of Vietnam was officially divided along the 17th parallel.

The Northern Vietnam came under the control of Ho Chi Minh and was supported by communist and South Vietnam was controlled by Ngo Dinh Diem and was supported by western democracies. United States want to contain the spread of communism in the southern region so it provided financial support to the south and North was equally financed by Soviet Union and China . These encourage both north and south to go for long lasting conflict between them. South was weaker than north in return it have to bear more causalities than north, and also around 58000 Americans died. At last , United States withdrawn from Vietnam.

• Suez crisis (1956)

The Suez Crisis began on October 29, 1956, when Israeli armed forces pushed into Egypt toward the Suez Canal after Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-70) nationalized the canal.

In April 1859 the caps was started to be built. On November 1869 , it was opened for the navigation. In 1882 , Britain invaded Egypt. The Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936 made Egypt virtually independent, but Britain reserved rights the protection of the canal. After second world war, Egypt pressured for the evacuation of British troops. In 1956, Egypt president Nasser nationalized the canal. British want to get control back with the help of Israel an France. Which cause conflict.

Fourth phase (1957-1962)

• In 1959, the Russian President Khrushchev went on a historical tour to America

Khrushchev came to power in the Soviet Union following the death of long-time dictator Joseph Stalin in 1954. It was believe that he will continue the Stalin but want co-operation environment with United States on the basis of coexistence. To improve relation that visit was intended.

• Berlin wall ( 13 August, 1961)

Soviet Russia made a Berlin Wall of 25 Kilometers in order to check the immigration from eastern Berlin to Western Berlin.

• Cuba’s Missile crisis (1962)

Seeing the threat of United States base camps around Soviet Union and also rivalry state between Cuba and United State Soviet Union deployed it’s nuclear missile in Cuba which was 90 miles away from the mainland of United States.

This incident created an atmosphere of conversation between American President Kennedy and Russian President Khrushchev. America assured Russia that USA would not attack Cuba and Russia.

Fifth phase (1962_1969)

• Raise in voice of disarmament: Nuclear weapons

In 1961, US President John F. Kennedy gave a speech before the UN General Assembly, he announced the US “intention to challenge the Soviet Union, not to an arms race, but to a peace race – to advance together step by step, stage by stage, until general and complete disarmament has been achieved”

• Vietnam war on process

• Germany problems: escalating day by day.

In this phase there was a hot line between the white house and the kremlin. Distance between them were in stage of stretching further far and far.

Sixth phase (1969-1978)

• Détente phase

Détente is French word which means release from tension. In this period relation between Soviet Union and United States was improved.

First U.S. president Richard Nixon visit Moscow, On May 22, 1972.

• SALT (1972)

Strategic arms limitation talks ( SALT), negotiation between Soviet Union and United States on limiting to the production of strategic missile that are capable of carrying nuclear missiles. First , SALT 1 was signed in 1972 and SALT 2 was signed in 1979.

• Conference on security and co-operation in Europe (CSCE), (1975)

The CSCE was composed of three phases. The first phase was the Meeting of Foreign Ministers in Helsinki in 1973, the second negotiations held in Geneva from 1973 to 1975, and the third the Helsinki summit in 1975. After it Soviet Union was successful to ameliorate it’s tension with western powers.

• Vietnam war ended ( On 30 April, 1975)

• Belgrade conference (1978)

Which is the final act of CSCE.

Though in this phase distance was shorten but they stand with their own allies/supporters. Like

• Bangladesh crisis (1971)

Also known as Bangladesh genocide, 1971.

In 1947 august, two separate nation’s were formed India and Pakistan in decolonizing southern Asia. It was separated as the homes on the basis of religion. India was home for Hindus where Pakistan was for Muslims. And Pakistan was in two fragments East Pakistan (present Bangladesh) and west Pakistan (present Pakistan) with in between India. Being pollution closely equal political power was concentrated to west. So easy was exploited by west economically , socially and was challenge due to separate in territory.

On 25 March 1971, after an election won by an East Pakistani political party the Awami league, shift in political center was ignored by West. Consequently this was the reason for rising political discontent and nationalism in East Pakistan which was met by brutal and suppressive force from the West Pakistan. West initiated the operation” THE SEARCHLIGHT OPERATION”. This violent crackdown by the Pakistan Army led to Awami League leader “Sheikh Mujibur Rahman” declaring East Pakistan's independence as the state of Bangladesh on 26 March 1971

East Pakistan was supported by western powers where East was supported by India which was vital role in Bangladesh liberation. India was supported by Soviet Union.

• Arab Israel war (1973)

Some part of Palestine was occupied by British in its colonial era. But in 1947, November the United Nations voted to partition the British mandate of Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state. It’s called the “ United Nations resolution 181” which is the resolution passed by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 1947 that called for the partition of Palestine into Arab and Jewish states. This resolution gave a legal basis for the for establishment of Israel where Arab community was against it. Which was the reason for “ first Arab Israel war” known as “ war of independence for Israel and for Palestine it is Nakbah (which means catastrophe). On may 15, 1948 Israel declared it’s independence.

Second time Arab and Israel war happen in 1956 which is ,SUEZ CRISIS.

Third time in Six day war ,1967. Where Israel succeed to take control of Golen Heights ,GAZA strip, Sanai peninsula and west Bank.

Six day war changed to full fight war in 1973, known as Yom Kippur War.

On March 26, 1979, Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty formally ending the state of war that had existed between the two countries for 30 years and Israel returned the entire Sanai peninsula and in return Egypt recognized the existence of Israel.

Last phase (1979- 1987)

• This phase is termed as “ New Cold War”

• Salt 2 , 1979.

• Invasion of USSR in Afghanistan ,1979

With military capabilities and huge range of soldiers were develop in Afghanistan to shore up the newly formed pro Soviet government from anti communist guerrilla groups . Russian dealt harshly with Mujahedeen rebels and who support them. Soon foreign aid were pop up with new groups of rebellions.

Russian failed to implement it’s favor government in Afghanistan signed an accord with , Pakistan , Afghanistan and United States and agreed to withdraw it’s troops. The Soviet withdrawal was completed on February 15, 1989. Afghanistan returned to nonaligned status.

Due to this invasion, United States Senate didn’t rectified the SALT 2. And again move on production of arms.

• United State adopted open diplomacy policy.

• Boycott in Olympic

In 1980 America boycotted the Olympic held at Moscow. In 1984 Russia boycotted the Olympic game held at Los-Angeles.

In 1983, Russia withdrew from a talk on missile with America