Soviet vodka is probably one of the first things foreigners associate with everyday life in the USSR. The familiar bottle, the 40% on the label and the long history of vodka production became part of the image of the Soviet Union. But there was much more behind an ordinary bottle bought in a Soviet shop.

The most famous number on that label was 40%, and this is where Dmitri Mendeleev usually appears. There is a popular story that he invented vodka with a strength of exactly 40 degrees. In reality, this is a myth. Mendeleev really did study mixtures of alcohol and water and defended his dissertation On the Combination of Alcohol with Water in 1865, but 40-degree vodka already existed before the story about him became popular.

In Soviet factories, vodka went through several stages before reaching the shop. The alcohol was purified and rectified, the water was prepared, and the finished mixture was filtered. Activated charcoal filtration was among the methods used to improve the quality of the spirit. The final product was then checked against state standards.

Soviet vodka came in many different brands. In a shop you might find Stolichnaya or Moskovskaya Osobaya, sometimes Pshenichnaya or Posolskaya, and in some regions Sibirskaya or a local Extra label. The strength was usually the same 40%, but people still had their favorites. The alcohol used, the level of purification and the production process could differ, and over time certain brands gained a reputation of their own.

For a celebration, someone might specifically look for Stolichnaya. Another person might prefer Pshenichnaya. If there was only an ordinary bottle on the shelf, though, that was often what went into the shopping bag. People knew which brands they liked and which ones they would rather leave behind.

Stolichnaya eventually became famous far beyond the USSR. It was exported to many countries and became one of the best-known Soviet products abroad. The same bottle could cost much more outside the Soviet Union because of transport costs, taxes and retail markups. At home, it remained an ordinary shop product, although many people associated the brand with celebrations and special occasions.

Vodka was also important to the Soviet economy. During the 1970s, alcohol sales brought the state tens of billions of rubles. At the same time, Soviet authorities regularly warned about alcoholism and its consequences. The government therefore found itself in an awkward position: alcohol was a serious social problem, but selling it also brought a huge amount of money into the state budget.

The problem became impossible to ignore during the anti-alcohol campaign that began in 1985. Alcohol shops closed earlier, some shops stopped selling alcohol altogether, and queues became much longer. People who wanted a bottle for a family gathering or a weekend could suddenly find themselves planning the purchase around shop opening hours.

Home distilling became much more common, especially in villages and smaller towns. People made their own alcohol because getting vodka in a shop had become much harder. Illegal production also grew, and police regularly found workshops where alcohol was produced or bottled without permission. Sometimes counterfeiters even used bottles and labels from famous Soviet brands.

That was one reason people paid attention to the bottle itself. A familiar label, an intact seal and the appearance of a factory product gave the buyer some reassurance about what was inside. With illegal alcohol circulating as well, buying a bottle from a normal shop had its own value.

The glass bottle had a life of its own too. Empty bottles were usually returned rather than thrown away. Shops and special collection points accepted them, and after cleaning and processing, the glass could be used again. The familiar half-liter bottle was the standard size, while smaller bottles were also sold. A 250-milliliter bottle was commonly called a chekushka.

The price of vodka changed several times during the Soviet period. The state raised or changed alcohol prices in different years, with particularly noticeable changes during the 1980s campaign. In the 1970s, an average Soviet worker earned around 150 rubles a month, while a bottle of vodka cost several rubles. It was within reach for an ordinary worker, but regular drinking could still take a meaningful amount of money from a family budget, especially when there were children and all the usual expenses for food, clothes and housing.

There was also a regional side to Soviet vodka. The USSR had dozens of large distilleries and liquor plants spread across its republics and regions. Someone living in Moscow and someone living in Siberia could become accustomed to completely different local brands. Some were well known across the country, while others were familiar mainly to people in their own region.

At the same time, production was tightly controlled by the state. The strength, quality of the alcohol and water, level of impurities and characteristics of the finished product were all subject to standards. That familiar half-liter bottle on a Soviet shop shelf was the final result of a long industrial process, starting with agricultural raw materials and moving through distillation, rectification and water preparation before the mixing, filtration and quality control that came next, and finally the bottling, the label and the shop shelf itself.

Inside, though, there were only two main ingredients: water and ethanol. The difference between the vodka people considered good and the vodka they tried to avoid came down to the purity of those two ingredients, the water used and the production process behind them, which is how two bottles could both say 40% on the label and still end up with very different reputations among Soviet buyers.