Four  European microstates Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco and San Marino have political independence despite being bound to larger neighboring states and the EU. The author argues that understanding the microstates' national identities within the EU's informal policymaking processes is crucial.

The microstates are considered more nationalist than cosmopolitan, with historical vulnerabilities fostering group solidarities for political survival. The EU has welcomed unofficial policy actors, including senior delegates from non-member countries, to participate in its governance. The author interviewed representatives from Liechtenstein and San Marino to support the study.

As a member of the European Economic Area (EEA), Liechtenstein is a unique case among microstates. It joined the EEA despite its Swiss neighbors rejecting the same prospect. Liechtenstein maintains its national identity by being exempted from free movement, allowing it to handpick residents. While Liechtenstein's integration path differs from Austria's, both countries engage in informal diplomacy with the EU to gauge views and protect their national interests.

The interactions of the remaining three microstates with the EU revolve around agreements related to currency, customs, and Single Market provisions. San Marino, known for its attachment to "liberty," uses historical romanticism to secure favor from the EU and emphasizes its national identity. Although surrounded by Italy and ethnically Italian, San Marino retains independence through policy recognition from the EU. However, Italy's influence remains present behind the scenes.

The microstates' national identities depend on the survival of their respective states, and diplomatic representation in the EU serves as a living illustration of their identities. The microstates have limited policymaking opportunities but participate in essential dialogue through informal processes. Liechtenstein actively engages with Brussels, while San Marino seeks routine recognition of its sovereignty. The microstates' focus on independence and liberty influences their stance on migration provisions, as free movement threatens their residential exclusivity.

In conclusion, the microstates navigate their political independence within the EU through informal policymaking processes. Their national identities, rooted in nationalism, vulnerability, and historical ties, shape their engagement with the EU and influence their positions on critical issues such as migration.

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