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THE IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON THE FORMATION OF PHOTOGRAPHY

Mankind's need for painting dating back to 37,300 years has led to the emergence of a new art and evolved into the art of photography, with the development of technology and scientific innovations with the Industrial Revolution. The idea of ​​Camera Obscura (Darkroom), discovered by Leonardo da Vinci in the 16th century, enabled the moment to be recorded and printed on paper with the technological developments offered by the Industrial Revolution. The 1827 photograph of a pigeon nest by Joseph Nicepore Niepce, a retired officer, is considered the world's first known photograph. Joseph Nicepore Niepce, who discovered new methods as he continued his studies, succeeded in reducing the production process of a photograph that was over 30 hours to eight hours, thanks to the invention called "Daguerrotype", when he met L.Daguerre, who was also working on the dark room idea. The photographs produced with this partnership attracted the attention of the French government and were patented by the government and presented to the public. Daguerre, who has been organizing short shows by reflecting the images he took with the device called "diaroma" since the 1830s on the screen, caused the concept of photography exhibition to emerge. "Constable (1776-1837), one of the painters of the first romantic period to visit the Diorama, says" the show is very pleasant, because its purpose is deception, it does not enter the field of art. " (Bajac, 2005; 14,15). The photograph, which was exposed to the reactions of the traditional structure's approach to painting art, was first published directly on paper by Hippolyte Bayard in 1938. The art of photography, which spread with this method, caused many of the painters to tend towards photography and created the concept of technician-painter. With the "wet collodion" method discovered by Frederick Scott Archer in 1850, prints made using glass became clearer and more detailed.

The debates on whether photography, which is the product of the aesthetic perception that develops within the framework of mechanization imposed on the society by the Industrial Revolution and which discredits handicrafts, has artistic value, has continued for many years. However, the facilities provided by photography for conveying information other than its purpose of use as art cannot be denied. In the process leading to modern; photography played an important role in the reproducibility of the artwork. The invention of photography paved the way for the formation of cinema, a new art branch in the early 1900s, and contributed to the formation of today's art.

RESULT

The Industrial Revolution, which is a milestone in the journey of humankind towards modernism in the historical level, is an important example of how radical changes in the field of economy can change daily life practice. It is seen that art works, artistic perception and aesthetic approach, which are created as a result of the interaction of the social life with the change of production relations, have transformed into a completely different understanding. In this process, the artists who produced works in all branches of art were in a conflict between the old and the new; They carried out many theoretical studies in order to distinguish between craftsman and artist. New discoveries have led to new methods, and new methods have always been discussed in the first place. The artists, who opposed the automation that penetrated every area of ​​daily life caused by the Industrial Revolution, opposed the mechanization of people and caused the society to experience their own dilemma. “Since art is the only place where personal oddities and whims are still allowed and, moreover, are valued, this is the address of opposing this situation” (Gombrich, 1997: 613).
The necessity of showing the future of the age, which is one of the unchangeable features of the artwork; It is a feature that has existed in every period due to the anxiety that artists feel that the new social order created as a result of the developments in the economic field with the Industrial Revolution is undermining the society. Humankind, who became lonely due to urbanization, had difficulties in perceiving some responsibilities brought by urban life and began to experience breakdowns in issues such as ethics and moral values. This decay problem, which also feeds on works of art, expresses the pains of change in the social. These social pains, which are the subject of works performed in every branch of art, have guided the transformation of the society. Although the mechanization that came with the Industrial Revolution seemed to have made life easier, it caused the psychology of the individual and the society, depending on the individual, to break down that would cause greater changes in the future.

Acquiring new methods produced by new technologies in this process and realizing that he is an individual with the developing social mental structure, the artist was able to emancipate in this period in the historical stage. it has managed to save art from politics and religion to some extent.