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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE KITSCH CONCEPT

From a historical dialectical perspective, Romanticism influencing all branches of art within the framework of the conditions imposed by the Industrial Revolution in Europe in response to Classicism, which has sharp and angular rules, has also caused the Kitsch phenomenon that emerged a century later. Kitsch, which adopts the artistic approaches of Romanticism in its main lines and means artificial art, aims to capture every segment of the public with the content and themes chosen with the Industrial Revolution and aims to encourage the receptive to affect rather than to think. Since kitsch is a socio-cultural category, it has influenced all arts, primarily plastic arts, with the help of the aesthetics of the Romanticism movement.

With the Industrial Revolution, which is one of the main reasons for the spread of urbanization and literacy in Europe and America, art works appealing to the aristocratic segment have managed to approach subculture with the increase in the literacy rate of the people and the fact that literacy is no longer considered a cultural indicator. Even though literacy has never materially reduced the gap between the aristocrat and the people, who separate themselves from the public with the freedom to organize their leisure time as they wish, literacy has helped to close this gap mentally. With the Industrial Revolution, the workers and their families who looked out to the cities could not live the life they wanted due to financial difficulties in their lives they lead in difficult working conditions; they lived for a while neither as a citizen nor as a peasant. This mass, which turned to easy and cheap entertainment in terms of consumption due to these impossibilities in the time remaining from working, -as in the production relations of the Industrial Revolution- created pressure on the part producing artworks. “Hence the 'Kitsch', which appeals to those who are inadequate to the values ​​of organic culture but still hungry for the entertainment that any culture can offer, and which is" a symbol of all the fake things in life "(Greenberg, 1961, p.9- 11th).

Art, which became abstract with Romanticism, found itself ahead of the mental development pace of the people in terms of expression even though it approached the public in terms of content, and these new steps taken in art caused the people to adopt a reactive attitude towards art. The social counterpart of the instinctive anger that Freud spoke about is encountered in this event. The public's perspective towards art, which is seen as an unattainable object of desire by the people, has turned into a paradox in line with the love-hate relationship. “If a person feels that he / she cannot control that object or feels threatened by the object, he / she exhibits a negative attitude towards it” (Freud, 2017: 74). The fact that the new approaches in art were in abstract orientations caused the art not to be understood by the public and this resulted in an increase in the coefficient of this angry attitude towards art. “Considering that Kitsch is cheap, does not require effort and time, reaches its consumers as prepackaged and cooked, and saves the effort to reach the real work of art” (Şentürk, 2014: 8), the interest in Kitsch is a natural appears to be improvement.

One of the main reasons for this interest in kitsch is that it has adopted the traditional structure. People who were detached from their traditions with the Industrial Revolution adopted Kitsch, which seemed to contain and protect the traditions in an imaginary sense, much easier than other innovations in order to eliminate the moral deficiencies in their social lives. “Kitsch always seems to say new things but essentially always remains the same” (Greenberg, 1961: 10). The opinions defended by the Norwegian Odd Nerdrum, who produced kitsch works and was influenced by the Romantic movement; He describes the perspective of the public towards Kitsch works similarly. “Kitsch; contrary to art, it establishes its pictorial course not with the concepts of progress and irony, but in terms of past and eternity, always prioritizing the skin and tradition ”(Nerdrum, 2014: 18).

Gasset sees Romanticism, which is the first product of the relatively democratic period lived in, and says that this movement was loved too much because it was the first movement aiming to bring art closer to the public. Although the art principle for society has not been theoretically formed and settled yet
Those who use a clear and simple language to express the problems of the people and those who prefer a fancy expression of the traditional structure are divided into two. Artists who do not understand the public and perform new works by not disrupting the traditionalist structure have caused the view that art belongs to the privileged segment.“Now, after trying to be of benefit to the masses for a century, after exalting the“ people ”, one cannot do this by waving one's hand and without punishment. The mass, accustomed to dominating everything, hears that their "human rights" have been violated in the face of new art, because the new art is privileged, according to noble nerves, an instinctive aristocracy. Wherever young muse goes, the masses drive them away (Gasset, 2014: 21). " According to Gasset, one of the most beautiful definitions of Kitsch emerging in the tension between Romanticism and the rational approach called new art belongs to O.Nerdrum: “If you sleep on horseback, the horse will stop when it comes to the abyss. If art is an automobile, then Kitsch is horse ”(Nerdrum, 2014: 13). In addition to its resemblance to Romanticism, Kitsch, which has a unique nature as Nerdrum stated; realizes the desire of the recipient to internalize the content of the work and to enjoy it, within the framework of the awareness of daily events; It does not emphasize transcendence, virtue or nobility like romanticism, and conveys its narrative through ordinary people. Beauty is indispensable for Romanticism. Kitsch wants to apply this aesthetic perception with examples from everyday life. In this sense, the public actually gains the opportunity to experience the happiness they can feel in the face of the work of art, thanks to the works bearing Kitsch elements.

However, the feelings of happiness or sadness that appear as the equivalent of the work in the human mind are different points with the reality of the artistic aesthetic perception. According to Larry Shiner, who defends that the qualitative decline in the concept of "beauty" in art started as of 1750, "beauty" is a problematic concept in its own structure. Step by step abandonment of Mimesis and moving away from nature empties the content of artworks and accelerates their consumption. In this context, the concept of Kitsch has served the art to approach the public in the social mental development process that started with the Industrial Revolution, but it has seeded the qualitative problem that has spread to today's art. "Although the concept of beauty was used by many philosophers and critics, especially Hegel, in the nineteenth century, the effect of beauty in artistic criticism and philosophical discourse has almost disappeared from the moment the counter-art movements of the twentieth century began to make themselves felt" (Shiner, 2013: 297) .
Highlighted by Odd Nerdrum, Kitsch sees itself as the only form of narrative, as capitalism defines itself through all other systems, and sees all other trends far from artistic. Kitsch arguing that there are methods to make even the ugliest "beautiful"; According to Nerdrum, it includes "the missing values ​​of modernist art".

Its success in imitating nature (mimesis) has determined the qualitative value of all works performed within the entire historicity of art. Romanticism, which breaks the harsh rules of classicism, is a symbolic equivalent of the social alienation from itself. The mechanized industry caused human relations to become equally mechanical, and Romanticism was the first cry of the social who did not know what to do in the face of the sharp turns in the transition to Modernism. The social, which went through a process in which individuality had to come to the fore with the Industrial Revolution, longed for nature and blessed reality. Kitsch concept has completed exactly this side of human beings; Using the rules broken by Romanticism, it has become a sociological phenomenon.