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THE IMPACTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON ARCHITECTURE
With the Industrial Revolution, developments in every field of society affected all branches of art, and architecture also caused important changes. The new factories established during the mechanization process brought about by the Industrial Revolution caused the establishment of new cities and the regions accepted as rural gradually entered the urbanization process. With the new energy sources and technical developments experienced, radical changes occurred in the buildings with the metal materials used in architecture for the first time in this period.
In this period, industrial buildings that started to occupy city centers first pushed the bourgeois class living at these points out of the city centers until the urbanization brought about by the Industrial Revolution, and allocated these settlements vacated from them to the workers who were migrated to the city. Between the years of 1830-1850, the railway network became very dense, and with the rapid growth of the industrial structure, new cities began to be established within the framework of the concept of "Modern Urbanism", which started to form slowly.
The longing for the return of the romantic era had a similar effect in Architecture. The "culturalism" approach pioneered by Cabet and Fourier, who believe that aesthetic perception follows the artistic traces of the past; He argues that the ideal in architecture is possible with the synthesis of the old ornaments together with the geometric city layout. With such an increase in the speed of urbanization, the cities turned into chaos, and apart from the people who wanted to solve the problems of the cities by using the aesthetics and functionality of the past, such as Culturalism, innovative movements and projects emerged in this period. “Some factories tried to take measures in order to prevent the negative conditions of the workers, and thus worker sites (siedlungs) emerged, which are the first small-scale examples of industrial cities” (Joedicke, 1966: 23).
After the siedlungs where the first seeds of the collective housing concept were planted, the second important project is the garden-city project. E. Howard, who theorized the garden-city approach he pioneered, in his work titled “Tomorrow”, argued that the necessary aspects of both rural and urban life should be taken and the negative sides should be trimmed as much as possible. “This approach has been described as a perfect solution proposal that combines the most active aspect of urban life with all the natural beauties of rural life” Choay, 1965: 152).
The first concrete planning made under the name of "Industrial City" belongs to French architect Tony Garnier. Garnier's design named "Industrial City" is the first step to today's city structure, which has sections such as bureaucratic spaces, meeting and sports halls, art centers, areas and parks. This design, in which the avenues and streets are intersected at an angle of ninety degrees, has made all areas usable to the maximum and provided a structure suitable for the continuous development of the cities. Industrial cities, which emerged within the scope of increasing needs with the Industrial Revolution, were built on rivers close to underground resources and facilitated the daily life in their own lives, but they have their connection with the surrounding cities and a part of their energy need thanks to the dams installed in the rivers They have been examples that shed light.
The new materials that became available in architecture, just as in the art of sculpture, changed not only the visible structure of the city but also the anatomy of the buildings in the city. Crystal Palace, built by Joseph Paxton in London in 1851, was one of the milestones in the history of architecture as the first building in which iron and glass were used together, and a concrete indicator of the direct benefits of technological developments to daily life. “In addition, it has led to the formation of a new spatial understanding, and by eliminating the separating and thick stone walls between the interior and exterior spaces, it has not enabled the interior space to get rid of all kinds of weight thanks to the large glass surfaces” (Özer, 1964: 34).
Another of the most important works made in this period is the Eiffel Tower built in Paris in 1889 in the 100th anniversary of the freedom struggle of the people of France. Although this 300-meter building, which is the project of Gustave Eiffel, was criticized by the advocates of the traditional building for distorting the visual of Paris, it later became the symbol of Paris. Again in the same period, another building whose construction process was completed in France, the exhibition hall called Galerie des Machine; It is an important example for the first time that the buildings have a functionality for the action to be carried out within the building and the connection between these two elements. In the building where the main skeleton model of the Gothic buildings is applied, the steel columns of the main skeleton are combined with glass walls in order to see the organizations and exhibitions organized inside.
With this new building concept, Chicago, which is one of the most important cities that has been completely renovated and structured due to the Industrial Revolution, has increased the number of multi-storey buildings and the development coefficient of the city has reached a point that it could not reach before. Chicago has become one of the centers of commerce thanks to the high-rise buildings of William Le Baron Jenney and William W. Boyington, who formed the Chicago School trend and raised the pioneer architects such as William Holabird, Daniel H. Burnham, and William W. Boyington. "The office structure built by William Le Baron Jenney, who was the pioneer of the Chicago School movement, in Chicago for Home Insurance Company between 1883-1885 is considered to be the first skyscraper example" (Pilehvarian, 1993: 90). This building, which is one of the milestones in the formation of the city structure that has survived to the present day, brought another innovation apart from the metal frame it used, used the windows in the form of strips and brought the concept of "Chicago Window" to the architecture. "The production process of high-rise buildings started with the use of steam elevators in 1857, hydraulic elevators in 1870 and electric elevators in 1887" (Benevolo, 1981: 79).
These changes in the architectural structure concept systemized in Chicago, which started with Crystal Palace in France, have caused the multi-storey buildings to be built more and more rapidly within the supply-demand relationship, new cities have been established and the population capacities of the existing cities have increased. The Industrial Revolution has radically changed the process of urbanization and creation in buildings in the process that reached today's cities in a modern sense; architects and engineers had to abandon the old in terms of style. Use of new materials and steel frames in buildings; By reducing the carrying function of the walls, the task of dividing and designing the walls has been burdened, and the area used as a window has been expanded, allowing more use of sunlight. With these developments, the concept of "functionalist city" was formed; In the process leading up to modernism, buildings started to be built according to their usage areas.
