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THE EFFECTS OF THE SOCIAL EVENTS AND DEVELOPMENTS EXPERIENCED WITH THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON ART AND THE STATUS OF THE ARTIST

The roots of the changes that played a role in the formation of the Industrial Revolution extend to the Renaissance and Reform movements that led to enlightenment in the European mentality. Renaissance took shape in Italy starting from the 1350s and spread to all of Europe from there (Makneill, 2005, p.490). With the discovery of the printing press based on the method of printing with wooden letters by Johannes Gutenberg, scientific studies that can be reached by a limited group have begun to reach a larger group more easily. In this way, it was ensured that the society was not unfamiliar with scientific events and the possibilities of reading and writing were increased (Çakmak, Tarihsiz, p.156). With this discovery; It facilitated the quantitative increase of the collected data and information, and made it unnecessary to reproduce the literature manually with great efforts. Printing machines that enabled 13 thousand works to be printed in 1500, spread rapidly in Europe. Therefore, printing technology has greatly affected modern science (Mcclellan, 2006, p. 239).

Scientific developments in the following period have become the catalyst of the creation process of machines and mechanization, which are needed by guiding technology and gathering appropriate data. However, the wooden mechanism of the printing house, which was brought to humanity by Gutenberg, could not meet the aesthetic tastes of the great artists of the period. Therefore, because the artists wanted to show their mastery in detail and their ability to observe, they used copper instead of wood by choosing another way that could leave more subtle effects (Gombrıch, E.H, 1986, p. 215). These pressures created a new form of communication among the artists of the period, accelerated the flow of thought and played an active role in getting human history ready for the Reform movement. Likewise, the printing of the images ensured the victory of the Italian Renaissance in other European countries (Gombrıch, E.H, 1986, p. 216). With the spread of images and thoughts so rapidly, art has begun to be seen as a form of expression in Europe. This situation has also affected the meeting and communication of cultures. Although there are more decorative works with the printing technique in this continent with the artists who migrated to America since 1750, many works have started to be performed in America.

In European art in the 19th century; painting progressed under the domination of Italian aesthetics under the leadership of Francisco Goya. The Aquatinta technique, which he learned from his master, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, produced works that contain impressive descriptions that show the urge to win and the ugly face of war with the possibilities it offers. In Los Caprichos (Kaprisler, 1797), one of his most important works, he criticized the power and clergy about their hypocrisy, and expressed his anger over the corruption. With the annexation of Spain by France, Francisco Goya created the "Disaster of War" painting, which is about the misfortune of the people who suddenly find himself in the war, with this Aquatinta technique. “In addition, among the active artists of this period, important artists such as Ingres, Delacroix, Daubigny, Theodore Rousseau and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot made a series of works expressing political turbulence due to their French status. Most of these four thousand prints are works produced for newspapers and are parallel to the painting art of that period. " (Ayan, 2007, p.28).

Honore Daumier, one of the important artists of the period, also produced lithographed works containing political criticism, which suffered from the squeeze of city life and morally collapsed. “Daumier portrays the government and the rich, as well as their weaknesses, their relation to the law, in a sarcastic manner. Media organs such as La Charivari also expressed this attitude of the artist in their articles ”(Ayan, 2007, p.28). As a result of the Industrial Revolution, the society has felt the difficulties of transition to the city life and the industrial world with all its striking and impact in every aspect of its life. However, both in these difficulties and in the struggle to make themselves accepted as human beings, they left the traces of their own qualities and lives in art, politics and changes in today's society (Baynes, 2008, p. 177). The industry has begun to turn into a kind of hell for people who are not yet used to city life; The sense of humiliation in human being marginalized by capital and the issue that it is against the eternal rules of the world has become one of the issues that he needs to express his opinion on art and writing. This is evident in Gustave Caillebotte's paintings and in Emile Zola's stories. The trust of the people that support the techniques developed during the Industrial Revolution and its benefits in the short term cannot be denied.

While the people of the lower and middle strata during the period did not have any of today's trade union rights, they also had only a small portion of today's citizenship rights. They were able to win the rights accepted today by fighting tough battles, but attained the constitutional security laws of modern humans in the second half of the 19th century. All forms of art, including flags, posters and especially the printing arts, were used in this war, which was fought without traditional fancy uniforms. Since what is at stake is conflict between classes, not international war, the tools used to make this conflict understandable have remained surprisingly the same (Baynes, 2008, p. 223).

One of the most important issues of wars in class perspective, "human rights", other sub-headings can be listed as the correction of the new economic system, which is seen as the destructor of the relation between human values ​​and these values. The targeted capitalist order has been the driving force for the philosophical and sociological approaches created by the European mentality trying to mature the idea of ​​the destruction or correction of the most comprehensive technological bureaucracy. "Workers of the world, unite and fight," Karl Marx opposed automation and mechanization of humanity. You have nothing to lose but your chains. But you will win a world ”shows that the war waged by humanity has evolved into revolution; Effective words and gestures shed light on the way that should be followed as an example of the function of art when the reactions caused by class differences become excessive.

The dysfunctionalization of the art branches that require manual production, which causes deep rifts in the society life of Europe and mentality, resulted in the separation of the creation process from the daily life and the trivialization of the aesthetic taste. As a result of the materials produced within the framework of mass production, fast production, fast consumption logic, they are included in every field of daily life practice; By drawing a barrier between art and function, it has started to create a deep gap between the material and spiritual life of man. Due to the problem of dysfunctionalization of art that started with the Industrial Revolution, artists, searching for the possibilities of presenting aesthetics and functional together, laid the foundations of today's concept. With this process, they aimed to contribute to the qualitative characteristics of city life if the aesthetic and functional could be presented together. Within these trends, some of the leading artists of the age wanted to establish a handicraft union with examples from history with the Medieval mentality, and some artists opposed the conventional approach and sought new methods.

The concept of design that emerged with these orientations and the developing technique and the material to be used in the work of art, especially in painting, strengthened the communication bond within the society and created a suitable environment for the production and development of original works of art. “Thus, painting has become the main element of the mass production system provided by visual expression, starting from the period when the first seeds were planted in modern art movements” (Bektaş, 1992, p.13).

In the second half of the 19th century, the Arts and Crafts school, which was theorized by William Morris and introduced as an approach that rebelled against the suppression of hand-made artworks by commercial sanctions, is accepted as the first reaction to the moral collapse and the deterioration in the perception of art created with the Industrial Revolution. . This ecoleisation process is the result of fast-produced, fabricated products of the Victorian era.
arguing that it is not aesthetically necessary, and by applying Medieval methods under the leadership of Ruskin, they accepted the design approaches of the works of art especially in the field of literature and literature as basic values ​​and produced new works that have the styles of the period they examined.

Moris, who later became one of the creators of the ideas that would cause the artist and designer to gain its present meaning under the leadership of modernism and the Bauhaus school, defends that the important point in the performance of art works within the framework of this aesthetic perception is that the material is interpreted by the artist and emphasizes that figurative art should be seen on the same plane with fine arts. .

Art Nouveau, which brought a new breath to the figurative understanding that would cause a breaking point in the perception of art between 1890 and 1910, is an important step in terms of the modernization of art and alleviating the effects of mechanization brought about by the Industrial Revolution by influencing many art movements and styles to be created after it. Celtic murals, Rococo period artifacts, Arts and Crafts school, and Art Nouveau fed by Far Eastern wall paintings; A group of artists led by J.Cheret, H.Lautrec and A. As a result of this social moral breakdown in Europe, many art movements such as Arts and Crafts and Art Nouveau emerged as a social reaction. “Thanks to these movements that completely changed the current art and design environment, the idea of ​​a new world view for an industrial world has become widespread” (Eczacıbaşı art encyclopedia, v.2, p. 703).

With these movements that emerged with the penetration of the social problems that emerged with the Industrial Revolution in the early 1900s in every field of daily life practice; The artists have begun to consider not only telling the truth to be insufficient, and to try to shed light on the future by adding a new one to the meanings that art has gained throughout the historical process in human life.

Expressionism movement that emerged in Germany in the first half of the 20th century, consisting mainly of two groups of artists based on Anarchism and Communism; it sets an example for showing how effective art can be on the existing ideological structure.

“These are the Blue Horseman group founded by Franz Marc and Wasilly Kandinsky and the bridge (Die Brücke) groups founded by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Erich Heckel, Max Pechstein and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff” (İpşiroğlu, 1993, p.9) and its artists have a great influence in this period ”(Ayan, 2010, p.16-23). The desire of the artists to change the world with the ideological approach they belong to was reflected in their works; his works have become an important tool in expressing the problems of society.