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THE EFFECT OF TECHNICAL-TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS WITH THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON MUSIC

In the historical dialectical perspective, as in every branch of art, contemporary music was inspired by the music of the previous age; It has been determinant in both form and content in a positive or negative way. The musical relationship between W.A. Mozart, who is regarded as the founder of the classical period, and the works of L. Beethoven, the most prominent composer of the same period, should be compared to a macro master-apprentice relationship both on the historical level and in the present time. Both social-mental and technical-technological developments experienced with the Industrial Revolution have led to the formation of new trends in music, just like other branches of art.

With the gradual emergence of an individualist mindset in the European mentality, the Romantic period, which manifested itself in other branches of art, also found a place in music, and led to the performance of works that address enthusiasm, emotions and personal problems. With the Romantic period, he got rid of the strict rules of the Renaissance in music and became technically free. This period, when important artists such as Frederic Chopin, Anton Bruckner, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms, Felix B. Mendelsshon were raised, led to the addition of new mechanisms to existing instruments and the invention of new instruments thanks to the material diversity provided by the Industrial Revolution.
The piano, which has been accepted as the basic instrument in every period of classical music, has gained a pedal system with the desire to standardize, which started during the Industrial Revolution, affecting all areas of human life. While the works are being performed, the right pedal, which enables the harmonious combination of sounds that cannot be connected with the effort of the artist, has been developed within the framework of the mechanical understanding offered by the Industrial Revolution, the "sourdine" that helps to alleviate the played note, and the "sostenuto" that makes the resonance of certain notes or chords permanent.

The instrument group that experienced the most important developments and changes in the process that started with the Industrial Revolution was the wind instruments. In the 19th century, with the new mechanism developed by the German musician Theobald Boehm, who was also a jeweler in the flute, the intonation problems experienced by instrumentalists and the difficulties in playing positions were minimized. With the perforated fret method developed by T. Boehm, curtains obtained by processing gold, silver, copper and brass were added to the flute instrument. “In 1832, he finished the open curtain (perforated curtain) playing system. In this system, all curtains will be closed by the player, thus a bright, rich and standard tone will be obtained ”(Dik 2006: 26). With this development, the instrument, which is one step closer to today's flute and attained a 14-fret mechanism from a nine-fret mechanism, has become easier for artists in their creation process and in the performance of their works.

Usually made of brass alloy, the saxophone was invented in 1840 by the Belgian musician Adolphe Sax. The saxophone, inspired by the clarinet, has become the symbol of the Blues, which emerged as the expression of the difficult lives of African slaves in the rice fields. The slavery phenomenon, which continued to increase with the Industrial Revolution, could not restrain the creation need of ordinary people; He played an active role in expressing the pain, personal and social problems of the peoples with music. Music, which served the interests of governments and clergy before the Industrial Revolution, started to become an important narrative tool, especially in the transfer of personal problems caused by the social, due to the mental development of the Western civilization, which had an important turning point with the Industrial Revolution.