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ART BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Christian Europe, in the Middle Ages, which started with the Migration of Tribes; he discovered the use of art as a self-help agent in far more diverse ways than in the limited sense of helping the illiterate people instill religious teaching. Art was a useful weapon in terms of keeping the highly knowledgeable group under control and spreading the teachings of these learned people to spread religion to a wider audience. “Architects, painters, and sculptors were called upon to turn their churches into art exhibitions that sweep people off their feet with their splendor and appearance” (Gombrich, 1997: 437). “The main phenomenon of the art history of the Renaissance period is that the monastic ideal about the human figure gradually recedes into the background, leaving its place to a worldly ideal that depends on the freedom movement in the cities and whose realization is facilitated by the memory of ancient“ female demons ”(Plekhanov, 1987: 43).

Art was used for a purpose other than imitating nature, "Mimesis", which became a religious practice in the Middle Ages. The transition from sacred subjects to unholy subjects, the introduction of the people into the world of kings and nobles, the reduction of religious subjects to the world of matter by explaining the daily life in cities and villages, the understanding that the working man can be the subject of art, the replacement of the "drama of the noble class" with "bourgeois tragedy" is all this new. social issues indicate a new core ”and require the emergence of new forms such as the novel. Such a development does not fit into a rigid pattern and a regular sequence of events, such as first a new subject, then a new essence, then a new form. This is a problem related to much more complex and multilateral activities (Fischer, 1995: 139). " Although the characteristics of the artworks have changed due to the historical process, one of the main features of the art work is to mark the next era and to criticize the current day. Even if the performer of the work does not mind, the present "Le Chateau" is said to remind the French factory, the ordinary Italian factory Palazzo Vecchio, a German factory Hohenzollern. In the American factory, surprising similarities can be found in the ancient jungle remains of a Tolt altar (Faure, 1993: 36). In Ancient Greece, as well as in the Medieval and Renaissance periods, the person who produces works of art is in the position of expressing his dreams and pessimism about the future that determine the belief of his society in his community. The artist was an exception when he did not act like that, when he himself was a person who was not understood, rejected, and pulled into a corner (Müller, 1972: 88). In general, Christian art had to break with Roman Art in order to position abstract issues of belief in the material world and to benefit Christianity; Renaissance Art had to destroy the motifs of the Gothic Age in order to convey medieval ideas, ideals and emotions, in the same sense, Leading artists of the period who wanted to express the way of life and understanding of the secular individual also had to reject the forms created by Renaissance Art in order to replace them with new shapes (Müller, 1972: 231). In ancient Greece, the artist reflected not the worldly and material, but the intellectual and moral indicators. Modern art does the same thing, but by expressing a different intellectual and moral situation with other means (Müller, 1972: 99).

The Industrial Revolution that took place in the 1700-1800s, just like the important revolutions before it, was clear that art would change the dialogue it establishes with life and the way it works. Art is also different from craft (technique); it is said that art is free and craft depends on money ”. However, there was no distinction between the craftsman and the artist in ancient times, and there was no disconnection between technical objects and art objects in social production (Bozkurt, 1992: 15). Although the concept of fine arts was produced during the Industrial Revolution, the determination of the basic structure and the distinctions within this structure were revealed during the Renaissance. During the Renaissance, fine arts were seen as a whole of six branches of art and classified into a single class. Even in ancient Greece, both types of art were given a single name: techne (Read, 1973: 22). The artists who made history anonymously with the works they performed before the Renaissance made great efforts to make sure that their names should be mentioned with their works. During these claims; The subjects the artists focused on and the concepts they reflected on their works had to turn into a poetic narrative.

Until the Industrial Revolution, the next important historical event with a revolutionary character, they were able to distinguish from the craftsmen in a statistic context, and to admit that the work was made not only by hand, but by reason and imagination. “We have to admit that making a portrait or landscape painting in which the hand clearly replicates what the eye sees has the seemingly somewhat manual labor side; However, there is no doubt that this work required something more than craftsmanship: This work required knowledge and imagination (Gombrich, 1997: 465).