Distro, Flavor, Spin

Distro is short for Distribution, Flavor is a distinct distro with a twist, Spin is a distro with a spin aka twist aka Flavor.

Kernel is the heart of the operating system aka GNU/Linux Kernel. Without the Kernel, none of your hardware would work.

Linux aka GNU/Linux which designates that Linux is opensource. It's the GNU/Linux Kernel that comes with all Distros.

Opensource means that the source code of an opensource application, operating system, kernel can be used, changed, and the change distributed as anyone sees fit.

User Interface aka GUI (Graphical User Interface) aka CLI (Command Line Interface). Normally Linux comes with both GUI and CLI because the GUI is designed to make life easy, but when the user learns enough, the CLI is used to configure the GNU/Linux distribution in detail.

There are many GUI Desktop Environments (DEs). They make navigating the GNU/Linux distribution easier. KDE, Gnome, XFCE, Cinnamon, Budgie, etc. Many distros come with one main DE but you have the option to install many of the available DEs to try them out.

X11,XOrg, Wayland are servers. They serve up the DE, they are the power behind the DE. X11 aka XOrg is very old. Wayland is brand new and just making its debut but is designed to replace X11. I use Wayland exclusively.

Binary and Source. Binary is a compiled program ready to be executed, similar to an EXE Windows file. Source is the source code of a program that you have to compile to use. Compiling sometimes takes a great long time and the Distro saves you the time by compiling the code for you and offering you the binary to install.

A better explanation can be found in this video: https://odysee.com/@DistroTube:2/new-to-linux-learn-the-jargon!:2?r=3cwY2bCkEjf98PfGH6Fi12nvYjRB9tJb