Fusaka a new major network upgrade for Ethereum, scheduled to go live in December (The exact is subject to change based on testing). It is a combination of two major parts: the Fulu (Consensus Layer) and Osaka (Execution Layer) upgrades.

The primary focus is on scaling Ethereum to handle significant more transactions while keeping it decentralised as it is!

So now let's delve into the fusaka upgrade!

The Ethereum Scaler: What is PeerDAS?

First, we need to look into Fusaka's peer — PeerDAS! The core goal of the Fusaka Upgrade is to dramatically increase the network's transaction capacity while preserving its fundamental decentralization.

To achieve this, the most critical technical innovation in Fusaka is Peer Data Availability Sampling (PeerDAS). PeerDAS allows validators to verify Layer-2 (L2) data — submitted in large packets called "blobs" (you know, the blobs you make while trying to cook something without knowing! ) — without needing to download every single transaction.

This fundamentally addresses the major data bandwidth bottleneck that currently limits Ethereum's scaling potential. By sampling the data instead of downloading all of it, PeerDAS ensures that the network can safely handle a much higher volume of L2 activity.

This change is predicted to significantly lower transaction costs and increase speed on all L2 solutions such as Arbitrum and Optimism, directly benefiting crypto users across the entire ecosystem.

Now, let's look into Ethereum's tree of the Verkle!

🌳 A new lighter and a more accessible Ethereum: The Verkle Trees 🌳

Now, let's talk about the trees growing in Fusaka — also known as the Verkle Trees! While the PeerDAS feature focuses on network scaling for Ethereum, the Fulu and Osaka upgrades also contain long-term changes focused on reinforcing Ethereum's decentralization.

This is achieved by reducing the hardware requirements for nodes, making nodes more easily accessible, and allowing more users with lower hardware specifications to access Ethereum. This is the goal of a "lighter, more accessible Ethereum."

The current Ethereum network uses a data structure called the Merkle Patricia Trie (MPT). This cryptographically organizes the entire state of the Ethereum blockchain — every account balance, smart contract code, and token ownership. This database constantly grows, making it VERY hardware-intensive to download and verify!

So, Fusaka introduces what's called Verkle Trees, a more superior structure than MPT. The main benefit is that Verkle proofs (the small cryptographic "witnesses" used to prove a piece of data exists) are significantly smaller than Merkle proofs. This is a significant change for node operators!

The result is smaller proofs, which means a full node will require far less storage and computational power to process new blocks. This major shift paves the way for a new future of Stateless Ethereum, where individuals could simply run a full validating node on a basic device like a mobile phone. This dramatically boosts solo staking accessibility and the network's decentralization.

In addition to the long-term architectural shift towards Verkle Trees, Fusaka adds two improvements to network capacity and safety:

Increased Gas Limit (EIP-7935): The default block gas limit will be raised from the standard 45 million to a new default of 60 million gas. This provides a 33% increase in the amount of computational work that can fit in a single block.

Congestion Resistance (EIP-7825): This new rule sets a maximum gas limit for any single transaction. This prevents a single complex smart contract execution or very large transaction from consuming almost all the available block resources. This ensures fair access and stabilizes transaction inclusion during times when demand is at its peak.

These changes collectively ensure a lighter network and make Ethereum more accessible to all users.

More Important Features in Fusaka

🧹 History Expiry

You know how you delete your browser history? Well, nodes are also scared of someone finding their secrets — so they delete their own browser history too! 

Let’s introduce you to History Expiry!
Ethereum’s blockchain has grown massively over the years. The nodes you see store all historical data (balances, smart contract data, etc.) going back to the genesis block — and that’s hundreds of gigabytes of data in a single node! So yeah, storage is kind of a big problem...

The History Expiry feature solves this by letting older state data expire safely after a fixed number of blocks. Now, instead of every node needing to store everything forever, they only keep the recent “active” window of state data.

This matters because:

• It shrinks node storage requirements.

• It makes syncing faster for new validators and solo stakers.

• It strengthens decentralization, since users with smaller hardware (like laptops, mini-PCs, mobile phones — and probably not a Nokia phone ) can run full nodes!

Basically, in simple terms — this is like your system cleaning software when your computer slows down and you want to free up some space. It keeps Ethereum lean, fast, and secure without deleting trust or security!

⚙️ EVM Improvements (EOF)

Now we’re getting technical, so I’ll try not to add more puns — or you’ll misunderstand what the devs are cooking 

Fusaka introduces something called the EVM Object Format (EOF).

This is a set of upgrades to the Ethereum Virtual Machine (don’t worry — it’s not a computer VM). It makes Ethereum’s smart contract system more modular and standardized, improving how contracts are stored and executed.

Right now, contracts are stored as unstructured bytecode, which makes updates and validation complicated. EOF fixes that by introducing “Sections” — dividing each contract into code, data, and metadata.

This brings some big benefits:

• Easier verification and auditing of smart contracts.

• Smoother introduction of future EVM changes without breaking old contracts.

• Improved performance and security for contract execution.

• Helps developers write gas-efficient, safer code — especially for Layer-2s.

So, EOF basically gives developers a cleaner, faster workspace

How does this affect the users?

These four features have a big impact on users, as you don't need to take any direct action — you'll experience the benefits indirectly by yourself:

⚡ Faster and Cheaper Transactions:

With PeerDAS improving data availability and Verkle Trees optimizing state storage, the network becomes faster and more efficient. You'll notice smoother dApp performance and reduced gas fees over time.

🌍 More Decentralization:

By History Expiry cleaning its “browser history,” running a full node becomes lighter and more accessible to smaller hardware. This means even smaller devices can help secure the Ethereum network, making it more decentralized!

🔐 Better Security and Efficiency for Smart Contracts:

The new EOF helps developers build smarter and safer contracts. You'll soon notice fewer bugs, smoother updates, and more innovative apps!

🚀 Future-Proof Ethereum:

Fusaka isn’t just a one-time update — it lays the groundwork for Ethereum’s next evolution. Future upgrades will roll out faster and cleaner because of Fusaka’s core changes!

These fundamentally affect users positively, making Ethereum more secure, efficient, and decentralized!

So, what do you think about our little Fusaka coming?